term “counselling” and “psychotherapy” stems from:
a. ignorance of the field
b. ignorance of the English language
c. genuine knowledge and practical experience
d. lack of practical experience
2. The reason it is important to be able to distinguish
between the terms “counselling” and “psychotherapy” is that
a. people have to know how much they should pay for
treatment
b. counselling and psychotherapy are two different fields
with opposite purposes and no overlap
c. people face a variety of problems and there are a variety
of specialized treatments
d. all words need precise definition
3. The counselling profession is an outgrowth of
a. a single counselling tradition going back to Plato
b. a Chinese innovation known as the “talking
cure”
c. the Bible
d. a combination of movements and developments in Europe and
the U.S.
4. Modern laboratory psychology is most closely connected
with the work of
a. John Dewey
b. Wilhelm Wundt
c. Sigmund Freud
d. Car Rogers
5. The major criticism that the behaviorists leveled at the
introspectionists
a. were not dealing with something observable and measurable
b. were not good scientists
c. believed in the “soul”
d. administered standardized tests
6. The early treatment of the mentally ill was in general
a. decent and humane
b. caring, even if somewhat rough physically
c. overly protective
d. poor physically and psychologically
7. Jean Charcot and Pierre Janet explored the causes and
treatment of hysteria through the uase of
a. psychoanalysis
b. dreams
c. hypnosis
d. introspection
8. The man who singularly responsible for generating public
interest in improved mental health in the U.S. was
a. Clifford Beers
b. Wilheim Windt
c. B. f. Skinner
d. C. Jung
9. A development that added what appeared to be a scientific
side to the counselling movement was
a. the combination of behavioral laboratory psychology and
empirical and quantitative testing
b. humanistic psychology
c. the recognition of the need for improved conditions for
the mentally ill
d. vocational guidance movement
10. Counselling as a movement is closely tied to
a. the spirit of European academism
b. the American ideal of individualism and humanism
d. British empiricism
d. the development of the American college and university
system
11. That there is real no difference between
“counselling” and “psychotherapy” is the opinion of
a. all professionals in the field
b. no professionals in thefield
c. most people outside the field, but very few inside the
profession
d. some inside the field and some outside
12. The popular distinction between counselling and
psychotherapy holds that
a. counselling deals with the adequately functioning
individual and psychotherapy with the neurotic or pathological
b. counselling takes place in schools, while psychotherapy
takes place in an office
c. in counselling, the client sits, while in psychotherapy
he or she lies down
d. in counselling, the counselor does most of the talking,
while in psychotherapy the client does most of it
14. A practical difference between counselling and
psychotherapy which results from progressive education and the Rogerian
movement is that
a. counselling is concerned with the inner, dynamic side of
consciousness, while psychotherapy is more concerned with the libido
b. counsellors get closer to their clients than do
psychotherapists
c. counselling is concerned with the here-and-now and
relating to the client on an equal footing, while psychotherapy is concerned
with underlying problems from the past
d. psychotherapists charge more than counsellors
15. In general, the theoretical difference between
counselling and psychotherapy is
a. non-existent
b. counselling is oriented toward the total person and tends
to view him or her as unique and essentially worthwhile, while psychotherapy is
built around a particular personality theory, psychopathology model, and
techniques of treatment
c. psychotherapy is limited to the Freudian model, while
counselling encompasses all theories
d. counselling rejects all theory, while psychotherapy may
be based on a number of theories
16. Questions in the counselling field have been dealt with
most successfully by
a. taking a poll of all experimenters dealing with the
question
b. appointed a committee to research the problem
c. theoretical argument
d. a combination of experimental research, theoretical
argument, and clinical case studies
17. The main limitation of the case study approach to
counselling problems is
a. it takes too long
b. it is too painful to the clients
c. one may draw conclusions which are limited to the
particular studies and don’t have application to other cases
d. it is too subjective
18. The philosophical question, To what in life does man
strive? falls into the category
a. axiology
b. epistemology
c. ethics
d. ontology
19. The counselling approach rejects the strictures of any
orthodox psychopathology because
a. it is more concerned with environmental influences
b. it wants to “free” the client from any rigidly-held
opinions
c. it deals with the whole person, including environmental
as well as intrapsychic influences
d. all pathological models restrict growth
20. The “anti-illness” movement was initiated by
a. a few radical theorists within the ranks of psychiatry
and psychology
b. political reformers in New York
c. labor unions interested in increased health benefits
d. people active in the counselling movement
21. The “anti-illness” movement attacked
a. the so-called scientific model of psychopathology because
it restricted the view of human nature
b. dirty conditions in the slums c. politicians who didn’t
care about improved mental health conditions
d. Freudian psychoanalysts alone
22. The counselling profession was in part influenced by
Freudian psychoanalysis to adopt
a. hypnosis as its major means of treatment
b. dream analysis
c. the medical model as a way of looking at human nature and
psychological problems
d. the “talking cure”
23. The medical model
a. assumes that mental events have a physical basis
b. assumes that the symptoms which a patient manifests are a
sign of an underlying pathological condition
c. encourages neurosurgery as the cure for mental illness
d. is presently the most influential trend in counselling
24. R. D. Lang, the noted British psychiatrist, argued that
the psychotherapist’s reliance on technical language
a. helped raise psychiatry to its present highly scientific
level
b. either refers to man in isolation from others and from
the world or falsely attributes to man aspects of personality
c. provides a sophisticated basis for classifying mental
illness
25. The language used in diagnosing patients
a. is sophisticated and reliable
b. shows that the diagnostician knows the root causes of the
patient’s illness
c. was developed by the counselling movement
d. is considered by some to split up the patient into parts
and make him an abject
26. The assumption of those who hold strictly by the medical
model, that psychopathology is analogous to medical pathology,
a. is well-supported by the nature of mental illness, which
is as predictable as physical illness
c. is not well-supported, either by the nature or by the
predictability of the outcome of mental versus physical illness
d. is not well-supported because of the lack of a suitable
vocabulary for the diagnosis of mental illness
27. Many psychotherapists use diagnostic categories despite
their demonstrated weaknesses because
a. it creates a protective professional mystique and may
give the patient some relief
b. they like long words
c. certified psychotherapists are required to make detailed
diagnosis
d. the patient would consider them incompetent if they did
not make a diagnosis
28. The relation of counselling profession to diagnosis is
a. harmonious in that diagnosis is a necessary and helpful
aspect of the counselling process
b. a relationship of mutual tolerance in which the counselor
sees no harm in diagnosis but sees no particular reason to utilize it
c. one of ignorance in that very few counsellors know
anything about diagnosis
d. possible one of opposition in that diagnosis categorizes
the individual while the counsellor seeks to free her or him from
categorization
29. Thomas Szasz emphasizes that mental illness as a concept
is
a. rigorously scientific and objective
b. a foolproof basis for categorization
c. presently too overburdened by categories and needs an
overhaul
d. open to social and cultural influences and, therefore,
subjective
30. The British psychiatrist, R.D. Lang represents the
counselling position in that he
a. believes in the conscientious use of technical vocabulary
b. believes that every symptom has an underlying
psychopathology
c. is concerned with the total person in all her or his life
processes and considers mental illness a social value rather than reality
d. believes in letting the patient do all the talking while
he therapist simply listens
31. Lang views the client-therapist relationship as
a. stratified in that the client is a sick person seeking
professional help
b. an effort on the part of the therapist and the client to
develop the “wholeness” pf being human through their relationship
c. an opportunity for the patient to escape her or his own
reference points and subjectivity and learn new and better psychological
perspectives
d. distant from each other because it is necessary for the
therapist to maintain objectivity
32. The concept of “normality” among psychiatrists
and psychologists is ambiguous because
a. it, like the concept of mental illness,” is subject
to social and cultural perception and judgment
b. it needs further research for clarification’s. it is a
very recent development
d. it is borrowed philosophy, which has attributed different
meanings to the concept at different times
33. Because of the pitfalls of diagnosis, counsellors have
been forced
a. to simplify the terminology of mental illness
b. to give up the medial model in favor of the
phenomenological approach
c. to derive new psychopathological models
d. to devise new techniques of treatment
34. The phenomenological approach has as its central
principle
a. faith in the healing power of the therapist
b. a flexible system of diagnosis
c. a technique of treatment similar to hypnosis
d. the belief that what matters in the therapeutic
relationship is the point of view of the patient
35. Among counsellors, acceptance of any one counselling
theory is
a. unanimous, or nearly so
b. possibly limited to a few counsellors, as there are well
over one hundred counselling theories, approaches, and rationales
c. limited to a large minority, in the case of each theory,
since there are less than ten theories
d. likely to remain constant over period of time
36. In general, a counselling theory must
a. explain all possible cases and their outcomes
b. explain only a few cases and predict their outcomes
c. serve as an explanation for both the counsellor and the
client
d. serve an explicative function by relating seemingly
isolated events, and have a practical function
37. The counsellor’s major reason for holding to or
abandoning theory is based on
a. how the client responds to interventions derived from the
theory *
b. whether or not the client agrees with the theory
c. what the consensus of opinion among counsellors is on
that particular theory
d. who developed the theory
38. the backgrounds of people in the profession of
counselling
a. are rather homogeneous, as in the field of medicine and
law
b. are extremely varied in both training and professional
recognition
c. are quite homogenous on the undergraduate level, but
varied on the graduate level
d. are mostly minority, lower-class counsellors
39. It is desirable that the counsellor’s training be
undertaken by
a. a staff of psychiatric residents
b. a variety of knowledgeable clergymen and laymen
c. a variety of professionals and academics
d. a combination of psychiatrists and psychoanalysts
40. As a group, professional psychologists feel counsellors
a. are not qualified by their training for licensure
b. are qualified and should be licensed
c. may be licensed to work in schools, but not in private
practice
d. may be qualified for licensure, but shouldn’t be licensed
because they would take some of the jobs and roles of psychologists
41. Licensing is important to counsellors because
a. social pressures have increased counsellor’s need for
prestige
b. counsellors are currently not earning enough money, and
licensing would increase their income
c. psychologists don’t have enough competition to be
motivated to do a better job
c. societal pressures have created a need for independence
form the psychology profession and a need for counsellors to have control over
their own preparation programs
